High Performance Anti-Corrosion Coatings of Poly (Vinyl Butyral) Composites with Poly N-(vinyl)pyrrole and Carbon Black Nanoparticles

Zinc is widely used in battery negative electrodes and steel coatings for automotive industries. The anti-corrosion property of zinc is the most important factor determining the performance and lifetime of the products. In this paper, both size-controlled poly N-(vinyl)pyrrole (PNVPY) nanoparticles and carbon black (CB) nanoparticles were compounded with poly (vinyl butyral) (PVB) binder developing a series of composite coatings covered on the zinc substrates using a spin-coating technique. The morphologies of the surface and cross section of the PNVPY/CB/PVB coatings indicate that the PNVPY and CB nanoparticles are uniformly distributed in the matrix. The corrosion resistance of the composite coatings was tested by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization in a 3.5% NaCl solution. It is found that the coating with 1.9 wt.% PNVPY and 2.3 wt.% CB nanoparticles shows a remarkably high resistance value (Rc) and corrosion protection efficiency (99.99%). Meanwhile, the immersion results also reveal its superior corrosion resistance. It is considered that the nanoscale dispersion of PNVPY and carbon in PVB matrix and the strong interface action between the nanoparticles and PVB result in the uniform microstructure of the composites which endues the superior corrosion properties of the coatings.


Introduction
Metals corrosion is considered a serious problem in modern civilization [1], especially in the field of the metallurgical and electronic industries. As one of the most popular metals, zinc is widely used in battery negative electrodes and steel coatings for automotive industries. The anti-corrosion property of zinc is the most important factor determining the performance and lifetime of the products. Several strategies have been developed to prepare zinc protective layers. Aramaki's group prepared a protective film by immersing a zinc electrode in a Ce(NO 3 ) 3 aqueous solution and detected in an aerated 0.5 M NaCl solution by polarization measurement. The protective efficiency of the film against zinc corrosion was more than 91% [2]. Magalhães's group characterized the morphology and electrochemical features of zinc surfaces converted in acid baths of sodium molybdate by immersion. Corrosion resistance was tested under different conditions. The conversion coatings with 0.3 M

The Preparation of Composite Coating and Coated Zinc
The preparation process of anti-corrosion coatings is shown as follows: PNVPY nanoparticles with different concentrations (1.9 wt.%, 6.4 wt.% and 8.9 wt.%) were added in 1.6 mL N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and stirred thoroughly by magnetic stirrer for 30 min at room temperature. Later on, CB particles were dispersed in the above solution and the mixture was treated with ultrasonic for 10 min. At last, a certain amount of PVB was added in and stirred for 4 h at 35 • C. Then, the composite dispersions were spin-coated directly on zinc with a speed of 2500 rpm and dried at 60 • C for 2 h. The spin time was adjusted to maintain the same thickness of the coating of different samples. The dispersion of 13.9 wt.% PVB dissolved in 1.6 mL DMF was spin-coated once again at the same spin speed on the composite films and dried at 60 • C for 2 h. The thickness of the coatings here was maintained at about 7 µm according to the similar system investigated by Bai et al. [21] to compare the anti-corrosion properties of the coatings. The concentrations of composite coatings with different ratio of PNVPY/CB/PVB are listed in Table 1.

Characterization Methods
The morphology of PNVPY was observed by dropping the diluted reaction solution of PNVPY directly onto the silicon wafer using a JSM 7000M scanning electron microscope (SEM) (JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) as soon as the polymerization of NVPY finished. The particle size and size distributions of PNVPY particles were analyzed by the dynamic lighting scattering (DLS) technique using a Nano-ZS90 Malvern instrument (Malvern Instruments Ltd., Worcestershire, UK). The tests were performed by dispersing the PNVPY powders into several solvents. The morphologies of PNVPY powders dissolved in DMF were observed by a JEM-2100 transmission electron microscope (TEM) (JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan ). The CB nanoparticles were added to ethanol with ultrasonic treatment, then dropped onto the silicon wafer for SEM (JSM 7000M) observation. The PNVPY/CB/PVB composite coating film exfoliated from the coated zinc was quenched in liquid nitrogen. Both the upper surface and cross section were observed (JSM 7000M).
The electrochemistry analysis was performed in a single compartment three electrodes cell (bare zinc and coated zinc as the working electrode with an exposed area of 2 cm 2 , a platinum plate as the counter electrode and a saturated calomel electrode as the reference electrode) at room temperature in a 3.5% NaCl solution. The open circuit potential (Eocp) measurements were performed for 400 s after the samples were immersed in 3.5% NaCl solution for 30 min. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) data was recorded in the frequency ranging from 100 kHz to 100 mHz by immersing the electrodes into the 3.5% NaCl solution. The potentiodynamic polarization curves were obtained starting from the open circuit potential (OCP) with a scan rate of 1 mV s −1 and varying the potential to 300 mV in a set of experiments (anodic region of the Tafel plot) and to 300 mV in another set of experiments (cathodic region of the Tafel plot). Oxygen was not removed from the NaCl solution before these experiments.

Characterization of PNVPY Nanoparticles
The structure characteristic and the morphology of sulfate doped PNVPY were investigated as shown in Figure 1. It can be seen from Figure 1a that the absorption peaks at 1551 and 1487 cm −1 correspond to the aromatic ring in PNVPY. The absorptions at 1660 and 3099 cm −1 represent the double bond. The peak that appeared at 781 cm −1 is attributed to the a-substituted five-membered heterocyclic ring compound [24]. The absorption bands at 1375 and 1087 cm −1 correspond to asymmetric and symmetric S(=O) 2 stretching [25,26]. The morphology of PNVPY was observed by dropping the diluted reaction solution of PNVPY directly onto the silicon wafer as soon as the polymerization of NVPY finished. It can be seen in Figure 1b that PNVPY nanoparticles are spherical with diameters ranging from 22 nm to 58 nm, and the average size is around 38 nm. onto the silicon wafer for SEM (JSM 7000M) observation. The PNVPY/CB/PVB composite coating film exfoliated from the coated zinc was quenched in liquid nitrogen. Both the upper surface and cross section were observed (JSM 7000M). The electrochemistry analysis was performed in a single compartment three electrodes cell (bare zinc and coated zinc as the working electrode with an exposed area of 2 cm 2 , a platinum plate as the counter electrode and a saturated calomel electrode as the reference electrode) at room temperature in a 3.5% NaCl solution. The open circuit potential (Eocp) measurements were performed for 400 s after the samples were immersed in 3.5% NaCl solution for 30 min. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) data was recorded in the frequency ranging from 100 kHz to 100 mHz by immersing the electrodes into the 3.5% NaCl solution. The potentiodynamic polarization curves were obtained starting from the open circuit potential (OCP) with a scan rate of 1 mV s −1 and varying the potential to 300 mV in a set of experiments (anodic region of the Tafel plot) and to 300 mV in another set of experiments (cathodic region of the Tafel plot). Oxygen was not removed from the NaCl solution before these experiments.

Characterization of PNVPY Nanoparticles
The structure characteristic and the morphology of sulfate doped PNVPY were investigated as shown in Figure 1. It can be seen from Figure 1a that the absorption peaks at 1551 and 1487 cm −1 correspond to the aromatic ring in PNVPY. The absorptions at 1660 and 3099 cm −1 represent the double bond. The peak that appeared at 781 cm −1 is attributed to the a-substituted five-membered heterocyclic ring compound [24]. The absorption bands at 1375 and 1087 cm −1 correspond to asymmetric and symmetric S(=O)2 stretching [25,26]. The morphology of PNVPY was observed by dropping the diluted reaction solution of PNVPY directly onto the silicon wafer as soon as the polymerization of NVPY finished. It can be seen in Figure 1b that PNVPY nanoparticles are spherical with diameters ranging from 22 nm to 58 nm, and the average size is around 38 nm.

Morphology Analysis of Coatings
The poor dispersibility of conductive polymers in versatile organic solvents restrains their applications on spin-coating. In our study, PNVPY powders can be dispersed well in water, tetrahydrofuran (THF), chloroform (CLF), and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) (inset of Figure 2b). The size distribution of PNVPY powders in several solvents is measured by DLS, as shown in Figure  2a. It was found that the size of PNVPY particles decreases gradually from about 300 nm to 1 nm in H2O, CLF, THF and DMF, respectively. It can be attributed to the aggregation of PNVPY particles, especially in H2O, CLF, THF. This phenomenon also can be verified by the decrease in the value of Derived Count Rate in H2O, CLF, THF and DMF, respectively, as shown in Figure 2b. Moreover, the average size of particles in DMF is about 30 nm, which is in accordance with its TEM photograph (the

Morphology Analysis of Coatings
The poor dispersibility of conductive polymers in versatile organic solvents restrains their applications on spin-coating. In our study, PNVPY powders can be dispersed well in water, tetrahydrofuran (THF), chloroform (CLF), and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) (inset of Figure 2b). The size distribution of PNVPY powders in several solvents is measured by DLS, as shown in Figure 2a. It was found that the size of PNVPY particles decreases gradually from about 300 nm to 1 nm in H 2 O, CLF, THF and DMF, respectively. It can be attributed to the aggregation of PNVPY particles, especially in H 2 O, CLF, THF. This phenomenon also can be verified by the decrease in the value of Derived Count Rate in H 2 O, CLF, THF and DMF, respectively, as shown in Figure 2b. Moreover, the average size of particles in DMF is about 30 nm, which is in accordance with its TEM photograph (the spherical PNVPY particle with an average size of about 30 nm), as shown in Figure 2c. Therefore, DMF is a favorable solvent to disperse PNVPY particles for the preparation of the composite coatings. The SEM Materials 2018, 11, 2307 5 of 13 micrograph of CB is shown in Figure 2d. It is clear that the CB particles are grouped into chains, forming spatial network channel-like grape clusters. The mesh chains are stacked tightly, leading to a large specific surface area and high load of CB particles per unit of mass, which facilitated the formation of the chain conduction structure in the polymer.
Materials 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 13 spherical PNVPY particle with an average size of about 30 nm), as shown in Figure 2c. Therefore, DMF is a favorable solvent to disperse PNVPY particles for the preparation of the composite coatings. The SEM micrograph of CB is shown in Figure 2d. It is clear that the CB particles are grouped into chains, forming spatial network channel-like grape clusters. The mesh chains are stacked tightly, leading to a large specific surface area and high load of CB particles per unit of mass, which facilitated the formation of the chain conduction structure in the polymer. The morphologies of the upper surface and cross section of the PNVPY/CB/PVB coating exfoliation from the coated zinc (Sample 4) are shown in Figure 3. The film exhibits a relatively flat surface with many granules and rare aggregation of PNVPY and CB as observed from Figure 3a. As blended with PNVPY, part of the CB nanoparticles may act as a bridge to ensure the electronic connection between the PNVPY nanoparticles in the coating. Meanwhile, as can be seen in Figure 3b, there are more nanoparticles near the internal surface contact with zinc.  The morphologies of the upper surface and cross section of the PNVPY/CB/PVB coating exfoliation from the coated zinc (Sample 4) are shown in Figure 3. The film exhibits a relatively flat surface with many granules and rare aggregation of PNVPY and CB as observed from Figure 3a. As blended with PNVPY, part of the CB nanoparticles may act as a bridge to ensure the electronic connection between the PNVPY nanoparticles in the coating. Meanwhile, as can be seen in Figure 3b, there are more nanoparticles near the internal surface contact with zinc.
Materials 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 13 spherical PNVPY particle with an average size of about 30 nm), as shown in Figure 2c. Therefore, DMF is a favorable solvent to disperse PNVPY particles for the preparation of the composite coatings. The SEM micrograph of CB is shown in Figure 2d. It is clear that the CB particles are grouped into chains, forming spatial network channel-like grape clusters. The mesh chains are stacked tightly, leading to a large specific surface area and high load of CB particles per unit of mass, which facilitated the formation of the chain conduction structure in the polymer. The morphologies of the upper surface and cross section of the PNVPY/CB/PVB coating exfoliation from the coated zinc (Sample 4) are shown in Figure 3. The film exhibits a relatively flat surface with many granules and rare aggregation of PNVPY and CB as observed from Figure 3a. As blended with PNVPY, part of the CB nanoparticles may act as a bridge to ensure the electronic connection between the PNVPY nanoparticles in the coating. Meanwhile, as can be seen in Figure 3b, there are more nanoparticles near the internal surface contact with zinc.

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a useful and non-destructive method in studying the corrosion mechanism. Figure 5 shows the EIS of all samples. The Nyquist plots obtained from bare zinc and coated zinc in the condition of open circuit potential are displayed in Figure 5a. The Nyquist plot of bare zinc (Figure 5b) shows a small arc with the lowest impedance value as compared to other specimens. It can be seen in Figure 5c that the specimen of pure PVB coated zinc has a larger impedance value than bare zinc. The impedance value of Sample 2 increased by an order of magnitude due to the addition of PNVPY (1.9 wt.%) to the PVB coating (Figure 5d). It is considered that the Fermi-level misalignment between zinc and the conductive polymer may cause an improved corrosion protection on zinc only by a passive and not by an active function [4]. Moreover, an obvious high impedance value of the zinc coated with PNVPY/CB/PVB composite coating appears as shown in Figure 5a (Sample 4, Sample 5 and Sample 6). It indicates that the addition of CB matches Fermi resonance between conducting polymers and the surface of the zinc. Interestingly, the impedance value of the specimen does not increase with the increase in PNVPY dosage from 6.4 wt.% to 8.9 wt.%. There is a significant reduction of the radius of the semicircle when the PNVPY content increases to 6.4 wt.% and 8.9 wt.%. It is inferred that the proportion of the CB is reduced in the composite when the PNVPY content increases, which cannot solve the problem of electronical decoupling effectively.

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a useful and non-destructive method in studying the corrosion mechanism. Figure 5 shows the EIS of all samples. The Nyquist plots obtained from bare zinc and coated zinc in the condition of open circuit potential are displayed in Figure 5a. The Nyquist plot of bare zinc (Figure 5b) shows a small arc with the lowest impedance value as compared to other specimens. It can be seen in Figure 5c that the specimen of pure PVB coated zinc has a larger impedance value than bare zinc. The impedance value of Sample 2 increased by an order of magnitude due to the addition of PNVPY (1.9 wt.%) to the PVB coating (Figure 5d). It is considered that the Fermi-level misalignment between zinc and the conductive polymer may cause an improved corrosion protection on zinc only by a passive and not by an active function [4]. Moreover, an obvious high impedance value of the zinc coated with PNVPY/CB/PVB composite coating appears as shown in Figure 5a (Sample 4, Sample 5 and Sample 6). It indicates that the addition of CB matches Fermi resonance between conducting polymers and the surface of the zinc. Interestingly, the impedance value of the specimen does not increase with the increase in PNVPY dosage from 6.4 wt.% to 8.9 wt.%. There is a significant reduction of the radius of the semicircle when the PNVPY content increases to 6.4 wt.% and 8.9 wt.%. It is inferred that the proportion of the CB is reduced in the composite when the PNVPY content increases, which cannot solve the problem of electronical decoupling effectively. Materials 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 13 The equivalent circuits are shown in Figure 6. The corresponding electrochemical parameters extracted by fitting EIS plots with the Zsimpwin program are summarized in Table 2. CPE is a constant phase element, and CPE1 and CPE2 are used in place of coating capacitance and double-layer capacitance in order to give more accurate fits to the experimental results. Rc is attributed to the pore resistance and signifies the performance of the surface coating [15,27], which is inversely proportional to the defects (pores) in a film. Its value can be taken as a measure of the porosity and the degree of degradation of a coating film.
The Rc values for different samples are shown in Table 2. A low Rc (395 Ω cm 2 ) for bare zinc indicates the presence of a porous layer of corrosion product on its surface. For this reason, chloride ions continually diffuse to the metal surface, causing a decreased Rc. The measured Rc of zinc coated with pure PVB coating is almost one order of magnitude higher than the uncoated zinc because of the physical barrier effect. The Rc increases more than one order of magnitude for Sample 3 as compared to bare zinc. Sample 4 shows the highest Rc (2.71 × 10 6 ) among the specimens tested, indicating its superior barrier property. Moreover, the value of Rc decreases when the content of PNVPY increases from 6.4 wt.% to 8.9 wt.% in the composite coatings. The equivalent circuits are shown in Figure 6. The corresponding electrochemical parameters extracted by fitting EIS plots with the Zsimpwin program are summarized in Table 2. CPE is a constant phase element, and CPE 1 and CPE 2 are used in place of coating capacitance and double-layer capacitance in order to give more accurate fits to the experimental results. R c is attributed to the pore resistance and signifies the performance of the surface coating [15,27], which is inversely proportional to the defects (pores) in a film. Its value can be taken as a measure of the porosity and the degree of degradation of a coating film.
The R c values for different samples are shown in Table 2. A low R c (395 Ω cm 2 ) for bare zinc indicates the presence of a porous layer of corrosion product on its surface. For this reason, chloride ions continually diffuse to the metal surface, causing a decreased R c . The measured R c of zinc coated with pure PVB coating is almost one order of magnitude higher than the uncoated zinc because of the physical barrier effect. The R c increases more than one order of magnitude for Sample 3 as compared to bare zinc. Sample 4 shows the highest R c (2.71 × 10 6 ) among the specimens tested, indicating its superior barrier property. Moreover, the value of R c decreases when the content of PNVPY increases from 6.4 wt.% to 8.9 wt.% in the composite coatings.
ions continually diffuse to the metal surface, causing a decreased Rc. The measured Rc of zinc coated with pure PVB coating is almost one order of magnitude higher than the uncoated zinc because of the physical barrier effect. The Rc increases more than one order of magnitude for Sample 3 as compared to bare zinc. Sample 4 shows the highest Rc (2.71 × 10 6 ) among the specimens tested, indicating its superior barrier property. Moreover, the value of Rc decreases when the content of PNVPY increases from 6.4 wt.% to 8.9 wt.% in the composite coatings. Figure 6. Equivalent circuit model of (a) uncoated zinc and (b) coated zinc. CPE 1 and CPE 2 are coating film capacitance and its double-layer capacitance in 3.5% NaCl solution, respectively. R s , R c and R ct are solution resistance, coating resistance and charge transfer resistance.

Potentiodynamic Polarization
The potentiodynamic polarization method was also employed in order to compare the corrosion prevention ability of various polymer coatings on Zn [28]. A higher corrosion potential (E corr ) and a lower corrosion current (i corr ) is advantageous to effective anti-corrosion coating. Figure 7 shows the potentiodynamic polarization curves of samples immersed in a 3.5% NaCl solution at room temperature (25 • C). Meanwhile, to reveal the effect of conductive filler on the anti-corrosion behavior of the coating in detail, the electrochemical parameters obtained by Tafel extrapolation of the curves in Figure 7 are listed in Table 3. As can be seen from Figure 7 and Table 3, the corrosion current density (i corr ) of Sample 1 (i corr = 8.278 × 10 −6 A/cm 2 ) is almost three orders of magnitude less than the bare zinc. It is reasonable that polymer coatings have good resistance towards diffusive ions [29]. When the carbon black is added as the inorganic filler to the PVB coating (i corr = 2.231 × 10 −7 A/cm 2 ), it acts as a mechanical integrity significantly improving the physical barrier ability against the penetration of aggressive chloride ions, which is the same function as other conventional coatings/paints that inhibit the penetration of ions, protecting the metal surface [30][31][32]. Meanwhile, the addition of conductive CB avoids forming an insulating layer that will cause electrical decoupling (Fermi-level misalignment) at the PNVPY/metal interface and has a seemingly low potential (Sample 3) [21]. The i corr of the coated zinc further decreased to 1.245 × 10 −9 A/cm 2 , 5.349 × 10 −9 A/cm 2 and 1.924 × 10 −7 A/cm 2 , when the zinc was spin-coated with the composite coatings of PNVPY/CB/PVB containing PNVPY nanoparticles of 1.9 wt.%, 6.4 wt.% and 8.9 wt.%, respectively. In particular, Sample 4 has extremely high E corr (−0.821 V) and low i corr (5.349 × 10 −9 A/cm 2 ), showing excellent corrosion protection efficiency. In addition, the corrosion current increases with the increase of PNVPY content, which demonstrates excessive conducting polymers added in coatings are not good for anti-corrosion. The corrosion protection efficiency (% P.E.) is defined by the measured i corr {corrosion current density of uncoated Zn (i 0 corr ) and the corrosion current density of coated Zn (i c corr )} values in the Equation (1) [20]. % P.E. = (i 0 corr − i c corr )/i 0 corr × 100 (1) The highest calculated % P.E. of Sample 4 (99.99%) shows outstanding corrosion resistance, which is coincident with the result of lowest corrosion current. The results were better than those reported in other literature [2,[33][34][35].

Immersion Test of the Coatings without Defect
Three samples were chosen to assess corrosion protection performance for a long time by immersing them in 3.5% NaCl solution, including bare zinc, pure PVB coated zinc (Sample 1) and PVB blended with 1.9 wt.% PNVPY and 2.3 wt.% CB coated zinc (Sample 4). Figure 8 clearly shows that uncoated zinc suffers a severe corrosion, while the Sample 1 nearly has no significant change after 48 h. However, a serious corrosion appears on the surface after 168 h, as a consequence of the penetration of corrosive ion into the metal surface, damaging the physical barrier. Sample 4 shows no significant change after 168 h in 3.5% NaCl, indicating its remarkably high corrosion protection. Consequently, Sample 4 has optimum performance against corrosive in seawater conditions.

Immersion Test of the Coatings without Defect
Three samples were chosen to assess corrosion protection performance for a long time by immersing them in 3.5% NaCl solution, including bare zinc, pure PVB coated zinc (Sample 1) and PVB blended with 1.9 wt.% PNVPY and 2.3 wt.% CB coated zinc (Sample 4). Figure 8 clearly shows that uncoated zinc suffers a severe corrosion, while the Sample 1 nearly has no significant change after 48 h. However, a serious corrosion appears on the surface after 168 h, as a consequence of the penetration of corrosive ion into the metal surface, damaging the physical barrier. Sample 4 shows no significant change after 168 h in 3.5% NaCl, indicating its remarkably high corrosion protection. Consequently, Sample 4 has optimum performance against corrosive in seawater conditions. The specimens were tested in 3.5% NaCl solution at room temperature (25 °C ).

Anti-Corrosion Mechanism Discussion
Compared to the coating with pure PVB, PNVPY/CB/PVB composite coatings exhibit superior anti-corrosion properties in both physical barrier and chemistry protection as investigated above. It is inferred that organic coatings possess the ability to prevent ion penetration. The PNVPY and CB nanoparticles act as a physical barrier against the chloride ion and oxygen penetrating to the metal surface. Anodic protection by electronic barrier effect is one of the most important factors for metal anticorrosion.
Based on the morphology analysis of the cross section of the PNVPY/CB/PVB coating exfoliation from the coated zinc (Sample 4) as shown in Figure 3, the schematic diagram of the corrosion mechanism is drafted in Figure 9. CPs have strong oxidation potential on the zinc surface. As a result, well-dispersed sulfate doped PNVPY will release doped anions and accept electrons when corrosion occurred, intercepting electron transport between metal surface and electrolyte [36]. CB acts as a bridge between the PNVPY nanoparticles and zinc to ensure the electronic contact and transfer. Besides, PNVPY shifts the reaction site of oxygen reduction from metal/polymer interface (interface I) into the polymer/electrolyte interface (interface II) [37,38]. At the moment, the concentration of oxygen and water is gradually decreasing from interface II to interface I. Therefore, the corrosion rate of the zinc surface is slowed down to achieve the purpose of protection.

Anti-Corrosion Mechanism Discussion
Compared to the coating with pure PVB, PNVPY/CB/PVB composite coatings exhibit superior anti-corrosion properties in both physical barrier and chemistry protection as investigated above. It is inferred that organic coatings possess the ability to prevent ion penetration. The PNVPY and CB nanoparticles act as a physical barrier against the chloride ion and oxygen penetrating to the metal surface. Anodic protection by electronic barrier effect is one of the most important factors for metal anticorrosion.
Based on the morphology analysis of the cross section of the PNVPY/CB/PVB coating exfoliation from the coated zinc (Sample 4) as shown in Figure 3, the schematic diagram of the corrosion mechanism is drafted in Figure 9. CPs have strong oxidation potential on the zinc surface. As a result, well-dispersed sulfate doped PNVPY will release doped anions and accept electrons when corrosion occurred, intercepting electron transport between metal surface and electrolyte [36]. CB acts as a bridge between the PNVPY nanoparticles and zinc to ensure the electronic contact and transfer. Besides, PNVPY shifts the reaction site of oxygen reduction from metal/polymer interface (interface I) into the polymer/electrolyte interface (interface II) [37,38]. At the moment, the concentration of oxygen and water is gradually decreasing from interface II to interface I. Therefore, the corrosion rate of the zinc surface is slowed down to achieve the purpose of protection.

Conclusions
In conclusion, to achieve high corrosion resistance of zinc, an environment friendly and easy produced PNVPY/CB/PVB composite coating is obtained. The anti-corrosion properties of the coatings with different content of conductive filler were evaluated using OCP, EIS, and potentiodynamic polarization techniques by immersing them into a 3.5% NaCl solution at 25 °C . The electrochemical measurements revealed that the PVB coating with 1.9 wt.% PNVPY and 2.3 wt.% CB significantly improves the corrosion resistance properties of zinc and shows a maximum corrosion protection efficiency up to 99.99%. The immersion results reveal that this coating restrains the spread of corrosion and forms a superior anti-corrosive coating for zinc, while both bare zinc and PVB coated zinc, however, show a severe corrosion for 148 h in 3.5% NaCl solution.

Conflicts of Interest:
The authors declare no conflict of interest.