Selection of Aptamers Specific for DEHP Based on ssDNA Library Immobilized SELEX and Development of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Aptasensor

A selection of aptamers specific for di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and development of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) aptasensor are described in this paper. The aptamers were selected from an immobilized ssDNA library using the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). The enrichment was monitored using real-time quantitative PCR (Q-PCR), and the aptamers were identified by high-throughput sequencing (HTS), gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) colorimetric assay, and localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). The EIS aptasensor was developed to detect DEHP in water samples. After eight rounds of enrichment, HTS, AuNPs colorimetric assay, and LSPR analysis indicated that four aptamers had higher binding activity, and aptamer 31 had the highest affinity (Kd = 2.26 ± 0.06 nM). The EIS aptasensor had a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.103 pg/mL with no cross-reactivity to DEHP analogs and a mean recovery of 76.07% to 141.32% for detection of DEHP in water samples. This aptamer is novel with the highest affinity and sensitivity.


Introduction
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a kind of plasticizer that has toxic effects associated with its action as an androgen antagonist. It can lead to endocrine disorders and the reduction of human immunity [1,2]. However, DEHP is widely used as an additive to food packaging materials, which leads to its accumulation in food exceeding the national standards for its ability to migrate from food packaging to drinking water [3,4]. Therefore, it is necessary to continuously and effectively monitor the residue of DEHP.

Selection of Aptamers Specific for DEHP Based on ssDNA Immobilized SELEX
A key step for aptamer selection involves monitoring the enrichment of the ssDNA library. An early report [24] has suggested that real-time PCR is the most simple and effective method to monitor the selection of aptamers specific for small molecules or other targets. Therefore, in this research, we used real-time PCR to monitor the enrichment of aptamers specific for DEHP. The analytical curve of quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) is shown in Figure 1A. The correlation coefficient R 2 was 0.9935, indicating a good linear correlation between Ct (the corresponding cycle when the fluorescence reaches the fluorescence threshold) and log (concentration of template ssDNA). The retention rate ( Figure 1B) was calculated according to the Ct value and analytical curve, and the calculation formulas of retention rate are mentioned in the supplementary information. The retention rate increased gradually from the first to the fourth round of selection but decreased from the fifth to the seventh round of selection due to the counter selection, which excluded most of the nonspecific binders. Further, from the fifth to the eighth round, the retention rate increased gradually because of specific gradual enrichment of the aptamer library. Particularly, the retention rate was higher in the eighth round of selection than in all

High-Throughput Sequencing and Sequence Analysis of the Enriched Library
The enriched library of the eighth round was sequenced by HTS technology, which showed a total of 20,000 different sequences. Compared with the commonly used method (cloning to a vector) [25], HTS is an effective method to obtain rich sequence information in a short time. Then, Three hundred sequences with a higher frequency of occurrence were selected, and the random area of 40 base sequences was analyzed by clustal X2 ( Figure S1). Then, one hundred and twenty-nine sequences with the highest rate of homology were obtained by TreeView tool analysis ( Figure S2), and their sequences were measured online on the mfold analysis platform to display one-ring region structure or more. Ninety-six sequences with several ring regions (≥2) were selected to identify binding activity. Each aptamer was truncated to 58 bases by removing 11 bases each from the 5′ and 3′ end constant regions from the original sequences (80 bases) for the next step.

Establishment of Gold Nanoparticles Colomertric Assay to Identify Active Aptamers
The binding activity of candidate aptamers (96 aptamers) was initially determined using AuNPs, and the result is presented in Figure 2. The AuNPs were dispersed with the protection of the aptamer. When the added DEHP combined with the aptamer, the AuNPs lost the protection and aggregated due to the impact of the highly concentrated salt solution. The dispersed AuNPs appeared wine-red, and the aggregated AuNPs appeared blue. The characteristic peaks moved from 520 nm to 620nm. The ratio of A620 nm/A520 nm between the experimental group and the blank group was close to 1 for most of the aptamers with low binding activity to DEHP. Interestingly, four aptamers had a ratio of >1.1, indicating that the A620 nm/A520 nm value of the experimental group was greater than that of the blank group. This also showed the affinity between DEHP and aptamers, with a large number of combined complexes being produced. This is the first study to report a label-free, fast, and timesaving method for identification of the binding activity of aptamers specific for DEHP from an enriched library with a AuNPs colometric assay.

High-Throughput Sequencing and Sequence Analysis of the Enriched Library
The enriched library of the eighth round was sequenced by HTS technology, which showed a total of 20,000 different sequences. Compared with the commonly used method (cloning to a vector) [25], HTS is an effective method to obtain rich sequence information in a short time. Then, Three hundred sequences with a higher frequency of occurrence were selected, and the random area of 40 base sequences was analyzed by clustal X2 ( Figure S1). Then, one hundred and twenty-nine sequences with the highest rate of homology were obtained by TreeView tool analysis ( Figure S2), and their sequences were measured online on the mfold analysis platform to display one-ring region structure or more. Ninety-six sequences with several ring regions (≥2) were selected to identify binding activity. Each aptamer was truncated to 58 bases by removing 11 bases each from the 5 and 3 end constant regions from the original sequences (80 bases) for the next step.

Establishment of Gold Nanoparticles Colomertric Assay to Identify Active Aptamers
The binding activity of candidate aptamers (96 aptamers) was initially determined using AuNPs, and the result is presented in Figure 2. The AuNPs were dispersed with the protection of the aptamer. When the added DEHP combined with the aptamer, the AuNPs lost the protection and aggregated due to the impact of the highly concentrated salt solution. The dispersed AuNPs appeared wine-red, and the aggregated AuNPs appeared blue. The characteristic peaks moved from 520 nm to 620nm. The ratio of A 620 nm /A 520 nm between the experimental group and the blank group was close to 1 for most of the aptamers with low binding activity to DEHP. Interestingly, four aptamers had a ratio of >1.1, indicating that the A 620 nm /A 520 nm value of the experimental group was greater than that of the blank group. This also showed the affinity between DEHP and aptamers, with a large number of combined complexes being produced. This is the first study to report a label-free, fast, and time-saving method for identification of the binding activity of aptamers specific for DEHP from an enriched library with a AuNPs colometric assay.

Characterization of Active Aptamers
Generally, electrochemistry [26], fluorescence [27], colorimetry [28], LSPR [29], and chemiluminescence [30] are applied to confirm the affinities of aptamers. LSPR is a label-free, moneyand time-saving method for identification of aptamer affinity. The binding curves for four active aptamers in LSPR are presented in Figure 3. The signals increased when the aptamer concentration increased, indicating that the aptamer could bind with the DEHP on the surface of the chip. The detailed sequence information and affinity constants are noted in Table 1. Aptamer 31 had the highest affinity with Kd = 2.26 ± 0.06 nM, which was lower than that for all reported aptamers specific for small molecules. In a previo.

Characterization of Active Aptamers
Generally, electrochemistry [26], fluorescence [27], colorimetry [28], LSPR [29], and chemiluminescence [30] are applied to confirm the affinities of aptamers. LSPR is a label-free, money-and time-saving method for identification of aptamer affinity. The binding curves for four active aptamers in LSPR are presented in Figure 3. The signals increased when the aptamer concentration increased, indicating that the aptamer could bind with the DEHP on the surface of the chip. The detailed sequence information and affinity constants are noted in Table 1. Aptamer 31 had the highest affinity with Kd = 2.26 ± 0.06 nM, which was lower than that for all reported aptamers specific for small molecules. In a previous report, the affinity constants were beyond 10 nM for most aptamers [31,32]. Generally, LSPR is a powerful and sensitive tool for elucidation of the interaction between DNA and small molecules [33]. Therefore, aptamer 31, whose secondary structure is shown in Figure 4, was selected to develop DEHP detection methods.

Characterization of Active Aptamers
Generally, electrochemistry [26], fluorescence [27], colorimetry [28], LSPR [29], and chemiluminescence [30] are applied to confirm the affinities of aptamers. LSPR is a label-free, moneyand time-saving method for identification of aptamer affinity. The binding curves for four active aptamers in LSPR are presented in Figure 3. The signals increased when the aptamer concentration increased, indicating that the aptamer could bind with the DEHP on the surface of the chip. The detailed sequence information and affinity constants are noted in Table 1. Aptamer 31 had the highest affinity with Kd = 2.26 ± 0.06 nM, which was lower than that for all reported aptamers specific for small molecules. In a previous repo

Fabrication of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscope Aptasensor
EIS is highly sensitive to surface changes, which allows biorecognition events to be measured with a simple and label-free strategy for rapid bioanalysis. Here, we immobilized the biomolecule onto the electrode and then adopted the impedance method to follow the surface step-by-step electron transfer resistance (Rct) changes [34]. The behavior of the EIS aptasensor is shown in Figure  5A. The bare gold electrode displayed the smallest Rct value, indicating the fastest electrode reaction process of [Fe(CN)6] 3− / 4-redox probes on conductive gold surface (curve a). The selected aptamer 31 was anchored on the gold electrode surface though Au-S bond, with sulfhydryl modified on the end of the 5' end. According to the EIS spectrum, the Rct value obviously increased (curve b) due to the obstacles to electron transfer. Two main factors could be ascribed to the increase of the semicircle that indicated the increase of Rct. On the one hand, the negative-charged sugar-phosphate backbone of the aptamer on the electrode surface prevented [Fe(CN)6] 3− / 4-from approaching the electrode surface due to strong electrostatic repulsion. On the other hand, the presence of the aptamer also partly blocked the electron/ion transport passageways between the electrode and the electrolyte. In addition, the immobilization of 6-mercapto-1-hexanol (MCH) on the electrode surface further blocked the electron/ion transport passageways, and the modified electrode with the aptamer and MCH thus gave a much higher Rct response (curve c). When the previously modified electrode was successively incubated with DEHP, a continuous augmentation in the semicircle was observed (curve d). This might be because the binding of DEHP to the aptamer resulted in a significant conformational change of the aptamer on the electrode surface. This change amplified the coverage of the aptamer on the electrode surface and therefore further impeded the electron transfer efficiency. The electron transfer resistance increased with increasing concentration of DEHP. This result is consistent with a

Fabrication of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscope Aptasensor
EIS is highly sensitive to surface changes, which allows biorecognition events to be measured with a simple and label-free strategy for rapid bioanalysis. Here, we immobilized the biomolecule onto the electrode and then adopted the impedance method to follow the surface step-by-step electron transfer resistance (Rct) changes [34]. The behavior of the EIS aptasensor is shown in Figure 5A. The bare gold electrode displayed the smallest Rct value, indicating the fastest electrode reaction process of [Fe(CN) 6 ] 3− / 4redox probes on conductive gold surface (curve a). The selected aptamer 31 was anchored on the gold electrode surface though Au-S bond, with sulfhydryl modified on the end of the 5 end. According to the EIS spectrum, the Rct value obviously increased (curve b) due to the obstacles to electron transfer. Two main factors could be ascribed to the increase of the semicircle that indicated the increase of Rct. On the one hand, the negative-charged sugar-phosphate backbone of the aptamer on the electrode surface prevented [Fe(CN) 6 ] 3− / 4from approaching the electrode surface due to strong electrostatic repulsion. On the other hand, the presence of the aptamer also partly blocked the electron/ion transport passageways between the electrode and the electrolyte. In addition, the immobilization of 6-mercapto-1-hexanol (MCH) on the electrode surface further blocked the electron/ion transport passageways, and the modified electrode with the aptamer and MCH thus gave a much higher Rct response (curve c). When the previously modified electrode was successively incubated with DEHP, a continuous augmentation in the semicircle was observed (curve d). This might be because the binding of DEHP to the aptamer resulted in a significant conformational change of the aptamer on the electrode surface. This change amplified the coverage of the aptamer on the electrode surface and therefore further impeded the electron transfer efficiency. The electron transfer resistance increased with increasing concentration of DEHP. This result is consistent with a previous report [35], indicating an increase in electron transfer resistance with conformational change of aptamer.
previous report [35], indicating an increase in electron transfer resistance with conformational change of aptamer.
The optimal incubation time between DEHP and aptamer was explored to further improve the sensitivity, and the result is shown in Figure 5B. The EIS signal augmented during the incubation time from 0 to 30 min, but no distinct change was observed when the incubation time was beyond 30 min. Therefore, 30 min was deemed as the optimal incubation time between DEHP and aptamer. This result is in accordance with an earlier report that suggested 30 min incubation at room temperature [13].

Analytical Application of sulfhydryl modified Aptamer 31 in DEHP Detection Using EIS Aptasensor
The specificity of aptamer 31 was assessed, and the results are presented in Figure 6A. There was an obvious EIS signal when the detection target was DEHP, and the EIS signal decreased significantly when DEHP analogs were used as detection targets, clearly indicating that aptamer 31 had no cross-reactivity with DEHP analogs.
The analytical curve for the interaction is shown in Figure 6B. The EIS signal intensity augmented sharply with the increase in DEHP. Consequently, the increased EIS intensity Rct revealed a desirable linear correlation with the logarithmic value of the DEHP concentration, fitted as ΔR = 29.42 log(c) − 25.34 (R 2 = 0.9973), where ΔR and c represent the increased EIS signal and the DEHP concentration, respectively. The LOD was 0.103 pg/mL, and the linear detection range was 7.629-2,000,000 pg/mL. The LOD was lower than that reported in previous studies for the detection of DEHP, which were listed in Table 2. Moreover, the LOD also proved to be below the national standard of 1.5 μg/mL, which was proposed in the GB9685-2008 for the use of additives for food containers and packaging materials. Therefore, the EIS aptasensor designed in this study exhibited high sensitivity and promising application for the detection of DEHP.
To explore the application of EIS aptasensor, we used aptamer 31 for water analysis, and the results are presented in Table 3. The average recoveries were observed from 76.07% to 141.32% with the relative standard deviation (RSD) ranging from 0.55% to 2.74%, indicating that the EIS aptasensor based on aptamer 31 is suitable for detection of DEHP residues in real samples. The optimal incubation time between DEHP and aptamer was explored to further improve the sensitivity, and the result is shown in Figure 5B. The EIS signal augmented during the incubation time from 0 to 30 min, but no distinct change was observed when the incubation time was beyond 30 min. Therefore, 30 min was deemed as the optimal incubation time between DEHP and aptamer. This result is in accordance with an earlier report that suggested 30 min incubation at room temperature [13].

Analytical Application of Sulfhydryl Modified Aptamer 31 in DEHP Detection Using EIS Aptasensor
The specificity of aptamer 31 was assessed, and the results are presented in Figure 6A. There was an obvious EIS signal when the detection target was DEHP, and the EIS signal decreased significantly when DEHP analogs were used as detection targets, clearly indicating that aptamer 31 had no cross-reactivity with DEHP analogs.   The analytical curve for the interaction is shown in Figure 6B. The EIS signal intensity augmented sharply with the increase in DEHP. Consequently, the increased EIS intensity Rct revealed a desirable linear correlation with the logarithmic value of the DEHP concentration, fitted as ∆R = 29.42 log(c) − 25.34 (R 2 = 0.9973), where ∆R and c represent the increased EIS signal and the DEHP concentration, respectively. The LOD was 0.103 pg/mL, and the linear detection range was 7.629-2,000,000 pg/mL. The LOD was lower than that reported in previous studies for the detection of DEHP, which were listed in Table 2. Moreover, the LOD also proved to be below the national standard of 1.5 µg/mL, which was proposed in the GB9685-2008 for the use of additives for food containers and packaging materials. Therefore, the EIS aptasensor designed in this study exhibited high sensitivity and promising application for the detection of DEHP. Table 2. Comparison of available methods for analysis of DEHP.

Linear Range Limit of Detection (LOD) References
High-performance liquid chromatography 50-100,000 ng/mL / 5-7 High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry 0.01-0. To explore the application of EIS aptasensor, we used aptamer 31 for water analysis, and the results are presented in Table 3. The average recoveries were observed from 76.07% to 141.32% with the relative standard deviation (RSD) ranging from 0.55% to 2.74%, indicating that the EIS aptasensor based on aptamer 31 is suitable for detection of DEHP residues in real samples.

Chemicals and Reagents
The DEHP standards and analogs were purchased from TMRM Ltd. (Beijing, China). Taq polymerase, dNTPs, and 2× TBE-urea buffer were purchased from Sangon Biotech Ltd.  Table S1, according to our previous report [36], were synthesized by Nanjing Genscript Biotechnology Ltd. (Nanjing, China). The aptamers were synthesized from Suzhou Hongxun Biotechnology Ltd. (Suzhou, China). HTS was performed by Anhui Angputuomai Biotechnology Ltd. (Hefei, China). Secondary structures were calculated with mfold online bioinformatics platforms (http://unafold.rna.albany.edu/?q=mfold/DNA-Folding-Form). EIS aptasensor was performed on the CHI660E electrochemical workstation from Shanghai Chinstruments Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Milli-Q water was used for preparing all of the buffers and solutions.

Selection of Aptamers Specific for DEHP Based on ssDNA library immobilized SELEX
The ssDNA library immobilized SELEX was established to select aptamers specific for DEHP, and the process of selection is shown in the graphical abstract (Figure 7). The 1.3 nM ssDNA library (5 -ATTGGCACTCCACGCATAGG(N) 40 CCTATGCGTGCTACCGTGAA-3 ) was dissolved in 520 µL DPBS buffer (0.1 g CaCl 2 , 0.2 g KCl, 0.2 g KH 2 PO4, 0.1 g MgCl 2 .6H 2 O, 8 g NaCl, and 1.15 g Na 2 HPO 4 ; 1 L, pH 7.5). A volume of 26 µL Biotin-P (100 µM in DPBS, pH 7.5) was added to the dissolved library at a molar ratio of 2:1 through the procedure of denaturation and renaturation at 95 • C for 10 min, 60 • C for 1 min, and 25 • C for 1 min. The obtained mixture was mixed with 700 µL streptavidin magnetic beads (7-10 × 10 9 beads/mL) that were first washed 4 times with the DPBS buffer in the first round of selection. After incubating for 45 min at room temperature, the magnetic beads were washed 6 times and then incubated for 90 min with DEHP in 200 µL binding buffer to a final concentration of 100 µM. The supernatant was collected by magnetic separation. The magnetic beads were again washed with 200 µL binding buffer, and the supernatant was collected. The above supernatant was mixed as the eluent library with a volume of 400 µL in total.

Selection of Aptamers Specific for DEHP Based on ssDNA library immobilized SELEX
The ssDNA library immobilized SELEX was established to select aptamers specific for DEHP, and the process of selection is shown in the graphical abstract (Figure 7). The 1.3 nM ssDNA library (5′-ATTGGCACTCCACGCATAGG(N)40CCTATGCGTGCTACCGTGAA-3′) was dissolved in 520 μL DPBS buffer (0.1 g CaCl2, 0.2 g KCl, 0.2 g KH2PO4, 0.1 g MgCl2.6H2O, 8 g NaCl, and 1.15 g Na2HPO4; 1 L, pH 7.5). A volume of 26 μL Biotin-P (100 μM in DPBS, pH 7.5) was added to the dissolved library at a molar ratio of 2:1 through the procedure of denaturation and renaturation at 95 °C for 10 min, 60 °C for 1 min, and 25 °C for 1 min. The obtained mixture was mixed with 700 μL streptavidin magnetic beads (7-10 × 10 9 beads/mL) that were first washed 4 times with the DPBS buffer in the first round of selection. After incubating

Establishment of a Real-Time Quantitative PCR Method for the Monitoring Selection Process
The initial ssDNA library with a series of concentrations (16,000, 1600, 160, 16, and 1.6 pM) was used as a template in real-time Q-PCR. During this process, 2 μL of template was added into a 30 μL Q-PCR mix. The mix consisted of 1 μL Q-Forward at a concentration of 10 μM, 1 μL Q-Reverse at a concentration of 10 μM, 0.5 μL dNTP mix at a concentration of 10 mM, 3 μL 10×PCR buffer, 1 μL Taq DNA polymerase, and 1 μL EvaGreen, with sterile water added to make a final volume of 30 μL. The Q-PCR procedure (StepOnePlus purchased from ABI in the USA) was adopted with the condition of

Establishment of a Real-Time Quantitative PCR Method for the Monitoring Selection Process
The initial ssDNA library with a series of concentrations (16,000, 1600, 160, 16, and 1.6 pM) was used as a template in real-time Q-PCR. During this process, 2 µL of template was added into a 30 µL Q-PCR mix. The mix consisted of 1 µL Q-Forward at a concentration of 10 µM, 1 µL Q-Reverse at a concentration of 10 µM, 0.5 µL dNTP mix at a concentration of 10 mM, 3 µL 10×PCR buffer, 1 µL Taq DNA polymerase, and 1 µL EvaGreen, with sterile water added to make a final volume of 30 µL. The Q-PCR procedure (StepOnePlus purchased from ABI in the USA) was adopted with the condition of 95 • C for 2 min, 95 • C for 0.5 min, 60 • C for 0.5 min, and 72 • C for 0.5 min; there were 30 cycles in total. The analytical curve of Q-PCR was prepared using Ct value as an ordinate and logarithm DNA concentration of the template as an abscissa. The Q-PCR amplification was used to monitor the enrichment of libraries with the 2 µL eluent library as the template from each round of selection.

Preparation of Secondary Libraries
After each round of selection, all of the eluent library (398 µL template DNA) was mixed with 2 mL emulsion PCR mix that consisted of 10 µL FAM-Forward at a concentration of 100 µM, 10 µL polyA-Reverse at a concentration of 100 µM, 40 µL dNTP mix at a concentration of 10 mM, 200 µL 10× PCR buffer, 8 µL Taq DNA polymerase, and 1732 µL sterile water. Then, the 8 mL emulsifier (1 mL EM 90, 25 µL triton X-100, and 49 mL mineral oil) was added. After vortexing for 2 min, it was stood for 5 min. The PCR proceeded at 95 • C for 2 min, 95 • C for 1 min, 60 • C for 1 min, and 72 • C for 1 min for 25 cycles. The PCR product was concentrated with n-butyl alcohol. Then, it was mixed with 2× TBE-urea buffer and separated at denatured SDS-PAGE (400 V, 15 min). The separated fluorescent strip was cut off and boiled to isolate the secondary ssDNA library. It was dialyzed using a 1.5 mL tube cover and dialysis membrane in binding buffer overnight. The concentration of the secondary library was measured at 260 nm, and the secondary library was used to select specific aptamers in the next round of selection. The process of selection from the first to fourth round was the same, and the selections from the fifth to the eighth round were the counter selection with mixed analogs (diphenyl phthalate (DPHP), dihexyl phthalate (DHXP/DNHP), dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP), dimethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, di-n-octylo phthalate (DOP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP)) and positive selection with DEHP. In the first round of selection, the amount of ssDNA library was 1.3 nM. However, in the other rounds, the amount of ssDNA library was 100 pM.

High-Throughput Sequencing and Sequence Analysis of the Enriched Library
The enriched library at the eighth round was sent to Anhui Angputuomai Biotechnology Co., Ltd. for HTS on an Illumina PE150 HTS platform. Three hundred sequences with higher frequency of occurrence were selected from the HTS results. Homologous comparison of these three hundred sequences was carried out using clustalX2 software. The comparison was then analyzed by TreeView tool version 1.6.6, and one hundred and twenty-nine sequences with a high homology rate were selected for further analysis. The secondary structure was predicted using mfold online bioinformatics platforms (http://unafold.rna.albany.edu/?q=mfold/DNA-Folding-Form). Ninety-six sequences with ≥2 ring regions and the high frequency of occurrence were selected. Each aptamer was cut with 11 bases each from the 5 and 3 constant regions, and the 58 bases remaining were then synthesized.

Determination of Binding Activity Between Aptamers and DEHP Using a Gold Nanoparticles Colomertric Assay
A AuNPs colorimetric assay was used to preliminarily determine the binding activity of candidate unmodified aptamers. AuNPs were prepared by reducing chloroauric acid with sodium citrate as in a previous report [37]. The AuNPs solution was centrifuged at 12,000 r/min and dissolved in ultrapure water. The concentration of AuNPs (8.76 nM) was determined using UV-vis spectroscopy according to a previously reported method [38]. Firstly, 50 µL/well of aptamers with a concentration of 0.4 µM were incubated with 1 µg/mL DEHP (50 µL/well) for 30 min. AuNPs (50 µL/well, 8.76 nM) were mixed and incubated for 30 min, and 1.0 M NaCl (10 µL/well) was then added at room temperature.
The absorbance values at 620 nm (A 620 nm ) and 520 nm (A 520 nm ) were measured on an automatic microplate reader (I3X, Molecular Devices, USA). The binding activity of aptamers was determined by the ratio of A 620 nm /A 520 nm between the experimental group (A) and the blank group (A 0 ).

Fabrication of EIS Aptasensor
The procedures of electrode pretreatment and modification were as follows. After polishing successively with 0. (1:1) mixture and 0.5 M KCl as the supporting electrolyte with a conventional three-electrode system comprising a platinum wire as the auxiliary electrode, an Ag/AgCl as the reference electrode, and the modified AuE as the working electrode. The impedance spectra were recorded within the frequency range of 10 −2 -10 5 Hz and AC amplitude of 5 mV. The surface behaviors of the electrode were studied, and the incubation time (0, 10, 20, 30, and 60 min) was optimized between the aptasensor and DEHP. The classical three-electrode system was used for EIS measurements. The Ag/AgCl electrode (saturated KCl), a platinum wire, and bare or modified gold electrode (3 mm in diameter) were used as reference electrode, counter electrode, and working electrode, respectively.

Specificity and Sensitivity Analysis of Aptamer 31
The pretreatment and modification of gold electrodes (AuE, Φ = 3mm, CHI) were carried out as mentioned above. The cross-reactivity (sulfhydryl modified aptamers incubated with DEHP analogs) was designed using DEHP and DEHP analogs (DPHP, DHXP/DNHP, DCHP, DOP, BBP, dimethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate) as detection targets with the (1:1) mixture and 0.5 M KCl as the supporting electrolyte with a conventional three-electrode system comprising a platinum wire as the auxiliary electrode, an Ag/AgCl as the reference electrode, and the modified AuE as the working electrode. The impedance spectra were recorded within the frequency range of 10 −2 -10 5 Hz and AC amplitude of 5 mV. The surface behaviors of the electrode were studied, and the incubation time (0, 10, 20, 30, and 60 min) was optimized between the aptasensor and DEHP. The classical three-electrode system was used for EIS measurements. The Ag/AgCl electrode (saturated KCl), a platinum wire, and bare or modified gold electrode (3 mm in diameter) were used as reference electrode, counter electrode, and working electrode, respectively.

Specificity and Sensitivity Analysis of Aptamer 31
The pretreatment and modification of gold electrodes (AuE, Φ = 3mm, CHI) were carried out as mentioned above. The cross-reactivity (sulfhydryl modified aptamers incubated with DEHP analogs) was designed using DEHP and DEHP analogs (DPHP, DHXP/DNHP, DCHP, DOP, BBP, dimethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate) as detection targets with the concentration of 30.518 pg/mL at the optimal incubation time. The target was added to the supporting electrolyte of 10 mM K 3 [Fe(CN) 6 ]/K 4 [Fe(CN) 6 ] (1:1) mixture with 0.5 M KCl (pH 7.0) in PBS buffer. The impedance was detected, and the cross-reactivity was indicated by ∆R.

Application of the EIS Aptasensor in Spiked Water Samples
The samples were collected from Qingshan Lake, tap water, and YB water. The DEHP standard was added to the water samples (negative samples) to obtain different final concentrations (30,1950, and 500,000 pg/mL). Samples (1 µL) were added to the supporting electrolyte of 10 mM K 3 [Fe(CN) 6 ]/K 4 [Fe(CN) 6 ] (1:1) mixture with 0.5 M KCl (pH 7.0) in PBS buffer. The impedance was detected under the optimal conditions (aptamer concentration of 0.01µM, incubation time of 30 min), and the recovery was calculated.

Conclusions
Aptamers are functional molecules that can substitute antibodies in the development of rapid detection methods. In this research, the bottleneck problem was to select an aptamer specific for DEHP and to design a direct DEHP detection method for improving sensitivity and affinity. We proposed a rapid selection and identification strategy, which included Q-PCR monitoring, high-throughput sequencing, a AuNPs colomertric assay, and LSPR. After the eighth round of selection, the retention rate was about 14%. Four aptamers had high binding activity, and aptamer 31 had the highest affinity (Kd = 2.26 ± 0.06 nM). Then, the EIS aptasensor was used to detect water samples with a mean recovery of 76.07% to 141.32%. In this study, a novel aptamer specific for DEHP was selected, and a direct DEHP detection method based on an electrochemical aptasensor with ultrasensitivity was developed for low-cost, rapid, and sensitive detection. Most importantly, the rapid selection and identification strategy proposed in this study decreased the cost, complexity, and difficulty of the experiment. As a universal technical method, it can be used for the selection and identification of other aptamers specific for small molecules.